Assignment #3: Marketplace

Borderland: "an uncertain, intermediate district, space, or condition." According to Dictionary.com.

An intermediate? As in something that is not meant to remain, something temporary. The Market is a borderland filled with immigrants, visitors, families...people. It is a moment in time when a man from India can sell his beans and seeds next to a man from Nigera selling soaps and hair products. The market is a place were fish are as available as apples and foreign fruits lie next to bottles of beer. This was the marketplace that I visited.

After I was done looking things over in this massive building my limbs were cold and the sun was out so I decided a walk wouldn't hurt. I had about 20 minutes left to explore, and thats exactly what I did. I walked in and out of weaving streets searching for areas that would allow the sun to warm me the most. I practiced my minimal Italian at a bakery selling the most delicious smelling doughnuts. She was an immigrant, her Italian sounded unfamiliar and she rolled certain letters quickly off her tongue. She smiled warmly, but was quite. I think we both felt odd not understanding one another. I went into an Asian food store as well. This was a completely different feeling. Not only could I not read a single package but I became completely relient on pictures. There were soft noodles and veggies, then it must be vegetable flavored broth with noodles...right?

When I walked out of the store and continued to follow the fall of the sun on the sidewalk I found an area almost exclusively middle eastern. Everyone smiled and stared blankly at me as I walked past them. It was not only immigrants among immigrants, it was now people versus people, insiders versus outsiders, visitors versus locals, I felt uneasy. I don't think it was who they were or what they looked like but merely that I was surrounded by a culture and a language I knew nothing about. They would speak to me and I was stare back and grin a bit, did they think I was rude?

The marketplace was the most comfortable place I was that day. Everyone was aware of their differences and didn't seem to care at all. Even there I am the outsider though. I am the one who isn't a part of the action and can only stand there, point and smile. The only moment I was in understanding with a local was when we followed me repeating "I love you to much americana." Was I that obvious? Am I that American? Even with my thick black hair and darkened skin, am I that different looking from the Italian women?

It is similar to the story we read in our multicultural short story book. She was a part of the masses in India, a part of her wanted to be among them and the other part of her wanted to create a massive separation between the two. I know now what she was feeling. I want people to see me here and think I am one of them, to give me the local prices to think I speak their beautiful language, yet there is a piece of me that misses home which wants to be the American that they see fully, and be proud. The light beer and peanuts girl was right, you can want to be two things at once, but I also think that you always want one more then other.

If I had to choose, to be a member of the market as my own type of immigrant, I would choose to be an American one. I love my home, my family, my culture and my country. But for a few moments every once in a while it feel good to immerse yourself so much so that you begin to feels like you are a part of it, until you don't again.

Journal Entry

I didn't completely understand the hourglass assignment, it was a tiny bit confusing but I am going to make my attempt anyway. This week have visited both the Jewish Synogogue as well as read about the Catholic religion. Both of these have some contradictions in their foundations but beyond religious politics the one contradiction that stands out to me, is the difference in their public perception over the years. How many instances in history can we account for Jewish prosecution? To many. And yet here in the Rome we are faced with a place were Catholicism was brought to be the religion of the state, and no one really thought twice about it. It was slowly accepted without to many issues involved. In this same city we see the Jewish religion pigeonholed into a 5 block radius and forced into work they didn't deserve and lives that they couldn't change. How is this fair? Granted, we can all look back now and admit that but why the Jews? And why not Catholics? Why is it that Catholicism has never had to be explained or had to struggle to gain approval, it was merely chosen and accepted, but why not for the Jews?

As a Christian myself, I know the struggles that each religion has gone through in order to get their freedom from prosecution. And i would never claim that the Catholic religion has not gone through its far share of issues. But it is hard to so often see and be faced with the pains of the Jewish people and that it has been the result of not only a Facist government but of a government that claimed to be Catholic. I do not blame catholics and I do not blame people that practice it, but I do blame the officials of the time who claimed to be religious and simply contradicted those statements with brutal actions.

Roman Baths: The Cornerstone of a Luxurious Culture

In ancient Rome, baths were a place for more then simply washing and cleansing of the body but a place for social interaction, discussion, political debate among friends and even business. “If women would let you love them for as long a time as they take over their baths, their lovers would turn bath-attendants to men,” (Roman women). This is just one example of the importance of baths in ancient Rome Just as today we have modern health clubs and leisure centers, baths served individual body and was a lifestyle option but was often used as a sort of community affair. In reality we don’t have anything today that would be like the ancient baths, we must imagine a place of true enjoyment and leisure.

“I leave; I get myself some towels and follow my servant. I run and catch up with the others who are going to the baths and I say to them one and all, ‘How are you? Have a good bath! Have a good supper!’” (Yegul, 30). This was the common thought in regards to to attending the baths, they were a piece of each Roman’s daily routine. The baths were decedent and often enriched with mosaics and statutes throughout the bathing sanctums and the gardens. Both young and old, men and women (in later years), and all people of all religions used the baths for their own purposes.

It was said that there were “so many baths that you would be at a loss to know where to bathe,” (41). At the peak of the Rome empire it was said that Rome had over 900 public baths. Thermae’s were expansive in scale, used by all who could pay or chose to come, opulent and had incredibly detailed décor. Very skilled workers were required to create these structures and mosaics. The balnae’s were less common and usually private owned by wealthy elite, some of the wealthy even had balnaes in their homes.

According to Yegul, “among the most effective punishments that could be imposed by the government on a community was the closing down of its baths for a period of time,”(30). This was because the baths, as mentioned before, were much more then bathing centers. They had garden, libraries, gyms, lecture halls and even shopping. These grand buildings were essential parts to the city of Rome at this time.

Ostia Baths

“Ostia was founded by the fourth king of Rome, Ancus Marcius, who was thought to have ruled in the late seventh century about 620 BC.” Ostia’s prime location near the mouth of the Tiber River served as a pivotal point for a number of reasons. Initially, the cityserved as an industrial harbor because of its proximity to Rome and its “up to date” ports that transported goods both in to and out of Rome. Because Ostia was essentially the “mediator” between Rome and a number of foreign nations, the Roman government quickly realized that it was a key port for not only protecting Rome’s imports and exports, but for protecting the city and it’s citizens.

Over time the popularity of Rome as a city center of the world lead to a much larger population in Ostia as well. The city began to mold itself into a commercial site for Romans. The number of baths in a city was usually an indication for the cities wealth, and at its peak Ostia had enough baths to cater to nearly 70,000 people. The city was used because of it’s prime location along the water to import Egyptian grains and other foreign imports. It was until Hadrian’s reign that Ostia saw its peck. During this time the city grew very prosperous and merchants began to build their villas in this seaside town.

As Rome continued to grow the city founded its new port town, Portus. Portus had a better location and much more space to import a larger amount of goods in a shorter period of time. Ostia also, being a very marshy area, began to become very malarial from the mosquitoes. The city was abandoned and like many old cities it was abandoned and emptied out.

Excavations of the area continue today and access to the city to view the remains of the Neptune baths, Forum baths, an amphitheatre, temples and many of the merchant stalls as well as personal homes.

The Neptune Baths

"The Baths of Neptune are well known for its incredibly detailed Antonine mosaics. This compound has a dimension of 67 x 67 meters and was excavated by Lanciani in 1888 and again by Vaglieri in 1909 and 1910. The complex replaced baths from the late first century A.D. and was financed by the Emperor Hadrian and Antonius Pius.”

It was named after the god of Neptune who was said to be close with the emperor. The baths of Neptune have mosaics, which feature mostly imaginary sea creatures, attributed to the reigns of Hadrian and of his successor Antoninus Pius. There is one even of a cupid child riding a dolphin; the sea surrounding this picture is otherwise shown as frightening and strong. This may have something to do with the impact that the sea and Tiber River had on the city of Ostia. The large square to the left of the mosaic would have been busy with people wrestling, stretching, doing jumping jacks, and getting massages from their slaves or masseuses. The niches around the square housed small businesses and merchant stalls.

Forum Baths

The Forum baths in Ostia are a perfect example of what a large thermae would look like. The rooms are preserved enough to see the original set-up and spacing of a bath. It was named for its proximity to the cities Forum and is a great example of why Roman engineers were experts at administering heat. A huge furnace heated both the water and air that flowed through pipes under the floors and into the walls in this bath. It is even evident I certain rooms of the bath house where there is a gap between the marble inside and the cement lining of the building were the hot would have risen to heat the rooms. This heating system is called hypocaust. These baths also included fine marble steps, which were perfect for lounging, conversation on the way toward the pools.

The octagonal room (for sunbathing) leads to the sudatoria (sweating room), then to tepidaria (where Romans were rubbed down by masseuses), and the once-steamy caldarium with three pools. “The frigidarium is conservative in its layout [compared to larger baths in Rome], with eight columns supporting a vaulted roof and cold plunges to north and south. However, the series of warm and hot rooms, which project boldly out from the lines of the old cestrum.” The sunbathing room is octagonal and presents four big windows to the afternoon sun, which, in the absence of heating pipes in the walls, suggests “that it was a heliocaminus or sun room of the type found at Hadrian's villa," (Frank Sear. Roman Architecture. 127).

The Bathing Routine

The term bathing routine is a bit of a contradiction because the Romans had no set routine when enjoying their baths. Any activity or room could be repeated, skipped or visited in a different order all depending on the desires of the bather.

The common day for a urban Roman began early with food and work until around two o’clock or the “8^th hour” for men. Women on the other hand began their day with food and baths. The reason for this was mainly to avoid mixed bathing. While the men were working early in the day the women would be taking their baths and later in the evening men would attend to their baths and women would return home to prepare for guests. This would also be because in the mornings the baths would be just beginning to heat up, while by mid day when the men arrived the baths were at their optimal temperature.

The settings for most baths were very similar. There were smaller venues like the balnaes and larger, public thermaes. In even the simplest of baths you would encounter what is called the apodyterium, or changing room. Here people would often be accompanied by their slave(s) who would bring with them all the essentials for their time at the baths. This would usually consist of a change of clothing, oils, perfumes, sponge, towel and sandals, woodened with heels to protect the bottom of your feet from dirty water and over-heated floor and a strigil. A strigil is a metal rounded scrape, used to remove the dead skin from your body after it has been rubbed with oil and soaked in moisture.

While the baths were often thought to be a place of equaling among the classes, the number of slaves a person has present is usually what would separate the wealthy from the poor or middle class citizens. A person was able to rent slaves for their time at the baths or simply be served by the attendants, this is one of the only ways to separate one person from another.

The garments that bathers wore are still unknown. Unlike the founders of the public baths, Greeks, the Romans found it indecent to enjoy your bath in the nude. They often wore small clothes covering their lower halves much like a Scottish kilt, women were seen wearing something that is similar to a modern day tankini (Yegul, 35). Regardless of what social class you were in, most people wore the same attire to the baths.

Your time would begin with changing your cloths, which your slave would sometimes sit and watch to avoid common petty theft in the baths and also oil your skin before heading to the exercise portion of your activities.

The exercises that the Romans would partake in would not be what we, today, would consider rigorous by any means. The most rigorous activity the Romans would partake in would be boxing or wrestling but normally only until they broke a small sweat and then they would head to the bathing portion of their time (Yegul 36). Something that was thought as good exercise would be, “…reading aloud, walking, running, drilling and playing handball.” There would usually be a small to large courtyard where you would find people participating in these things and would hear the many noises of the baths, including the vendors selling and the yells of hair removal.

Many baths also had something called a natatio, a pool that was used for lounging, swimming and wading but not usually for serious lap swimming unless it was in one of the deeper pools. Yet the deeper pools were commonly used for Olympic training only. At the sound of the tintinnbulum bells, one would know, and often run towards the bath, as it was time to wash.

As mentioned previously, the order in which one would take a bath often differed depending on the bather, but the standard order started with some time in the Sudatoria. This room was used to encourage sweating and was kept at a relatively high temperature and very dry. Next one would continue to the Tepidarium, which was a bit smaller in size but the heat would increase as well as the moisture. The warmest room was the Caldarium, which was heated with hot baths, was wet and moist to wash the body. This is often were the scraping and washing of the skin occurred.

The furnace, which laid beneath the building, was slave ran with a large wood or coal-burning furnace. The smaller sized slaves, or young slaves, were the perfect bath heaters because their small frames would be able to fit into the confined space were the heating system was.

The frigidarium is the last place that bathers would enter. It was a cold pool that was used for a quick dive or splash to terminate the bath. To make sure that it was cooler then the other rooms it would often be the furthest room from the furnace, which was beneath the caldarium commonly.

In the tepidarium, caldarium, and lastly the frigidarium were, “ideal stages for traveling jugglers, gymnasts, conjurers, jesters, and musicians, “ (Yegul 39). They also offered food, and drinks including wine. They were often the perfect setting for vendors because large audiences used them at specific times in the day. Also many people believed that a “good bath called for a good dinner to make a perfect day.” (Yegul 39).

Baths and their Societal Impact

When baths were first introduced as a main part of urban society in the successful era of Rome they became an immediate success and a necessary part of the day. While previously it was common to bath only every week or so, when public baths came to fashion everything changed. It was something that all classes were fortunate to enjoy. Often times baths would cost as little as half a cent to use and others, the larger thermaes mainly, would even sometimes be free due to subsidizing by the government (Carcopino, 254). The wealthy or aspiring politicians could also pay to have the baths free for the day in honor of their name. This meant that along with the highest members of the Roman senate, commoners and certain slaves could even take part in the public baths.

Yegul discusses stories of emperors who would join his fellow public in the baths nearby. The emperor would then use this time to “appeal for public support and to increase popularity.” Because the baths were a community center at the time this would be like having a quick brunch with President Obama.

By creating these extravagant baths for the public, the emperor would be showing a great deal of generosity. The baths were very expensive to maintain. Besides the attendants and masseuses you also had to import all of the wood for the furnace from Tuscany. Water was also used in immense amounts, some baths were so large and so often used that they required their own aqueducts and the result was that more water per head was channeled into ancient Rome than is used in modern-day New York City.

While their masters would be leisurely enjoying a bath in the Forum or Neptune baths in Ostia, the slaves would be left to watch all of their belongs or used as attendants for the bathing process. Multiple bathhouses have found evidence in drawings that indicate slaves were able to use the facilities, it would have been a very rare occasion (Fagan, 200). The slaves that were caught while not guarding their master’s belongings would have been subject to punishments.

Another use of the baths, beyond cleaning and socializing was to better your health. Many doctors believed that the baths had a healing power on the body. With a short life expectancy in those times, many tried using the baths as a remedy for their illness. With this being said, there is no evidence toward separate baths for the sick. This caused for diseases to flow within the baths especially toward those who were careless with their sandals and their ending cleanse (Fagan, 85).

Unfortunately, baths were also known to attract some of the less pleasant aspects of society, such as prostitutes and acts of drunkenness and gluttony. Some people even went as far as having ‘love baths’ in which you could enjoy a “nicely cushioned couch and a lovely lady to love,” (Yegul, 42). This gave certain people a bad opinion of the baths, specifically when they saw their use as vain, over-consuming and used for reasons of lust or sobering from “indiscretion and indulgence” the previous nights (Yegul).

Thankfully for us, Ostia is still being excavated and with the help of more funds. Hopefully we will be to see more into the lives that Romans lived. So, while I do wish that we still had baths to enjoy today it might be something that is left in the past for our amusement. The baths tell us a lot about who the Romans were, how they lived to spend their days and also how interaction and communication were key parts to being a good citizen. Maybe we should take a note from their book.

Roman Baths, Book Bibliography

1. Balsdon, J.P.V.D. Roman Women, Their History and Habits. London: The Bodley Head Ltd, 1962. Print.

2. Carcopino, Jerome. Daily Life in Ancient Rome : The People and the City at the Height of the Empire. New Haven : Yale UP, 2003.

3. Conference, International. Roman baths and bathing proceedings of the first International Conference on Roman Baths held at Bath, England, 30 March-4 April 1992. Portsmouth, R.I: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1999. Print.

4. Delaine, Janet. The Baths of Caracalla A Study in the Design, Construction, and Economics of Large-Scale Building Projects in Imperial Rome (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series , No 25). Hettinger: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1997. Print.

5. Fagan, Garrett G. Bathing in Public in the Roman World. New York: University of Michigan, 1999. Print.

6. Menen, Aubrey. Cities in the Sand. New York: Dial Press, 1973

7. Piranomonte, Marina. The Baths of Caracalla. Milan: Electa, 1998. Print.

8. Yegul, Fikret. Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. New York: MIT Press, 1992.

Internet Bibliography

1. "Baths at Ostia - Ostia, Italy - Great Buildings Online." Architecture Design Architectural Images History Models and More - ArchitectureWeek Great Buildings. Web. 9 Jan. 2010.

2. "Ostia - Introduction." Ostia - Harbour City of Ancient Rome. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. .

3. "Ostia Antica: Baths of Neptune (Terme di Nettuno)." Italy: The Ancient Rome. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. .

4. "Roman Baths and Bathing (FalcoPhiles)." Marcus Didius Falco and Lindsey Davis Fan Site (FalcoPhiles). Web. 3 Jan. 2010. .

Writing Assignment #2: What about the Issue in the South?

I don't remember the last time I felt so out of my element. This assignment for me was extremely difficult. I like to consider myself an outgoing, approachable person, but then again when you are put into a situation in which you are the one approaching someone else, wow how the tables turn. I was self-concious, I was terrified that I would speak poorly or ask a question in an offensive way. But when I pushed all of these feelings aside I was able to stop, take a deep breath and finally be brave.

I was in the campo market earlier this week, it was shockingly sunny in comparison to the deep grey sky we had been seeing for a few days. I had recently discovered the incredible "blood orange," and if you haven't yourself discovered this hidden gem, I recommend it. I was at a booth and another buyer of fruits stood next to me. She was tall, and seemed to be very adapted to the area, I assumed she was an Italian, I had no reason to think otherwise. She had long brown hair that was wavy but pulled back from her face, these Italian women truely are perfection. I tried, in my broken Italian, to ask about a piece of fruit to the vendor, she giggled a little, tapped my shoulder and then spoke to the vendor on my behalf. He quickly grabbed what I needed smiled and took my money. I stood a bit shocked, I didn't realize what had even happened. I studdered a thank you and was about to turn away when the lady stopped me and asked in perfect English where I was from.

There it was, without my trying I was having a conversation with an Italian woman. I was standing there but in the back of my head wondering how I could somehow bring up the question I was wanting to ask without starting a problem or losing this great opportunity to speak to a true Italian. She was from Sicily and had a difficult accent but pronounced most words perfectly. She had lived in Sicily a majority of her life, then lived to Flordia for 4 years. After this she finally came back to Italy and settled in Rome. She was very sweet and wanted to know quite a lot about me, which I thought was crazy.

After about 5-10minutes of our short chat, I had finally gotten the nerve to ask. "I know this may sound crazy, but your the first person I've been able to speak with in English since being here, and...well for class we have to ask an Italian about the issues that are occuring down south right now..." Her smile immediately changed to a straight line and her lipstick crumpled along the lines in her lips. "...if maybe you would be willing to share your opinion with me?" I didn't know what to do at that point. I could tell she wasn't very happy and I didn't want to keep talking because I knew I was nervous enough to say something dumb at that point.

"To be honest, your visiting here...so it wouldn't really make sense to share my opinion with a visitor, now would it?" I didn't completely understand the comment, but I contined to stand motionless and smile gently. She then smiled a quick grin, "piacere" which I didn't know the meaning of yet, and left me standing there with my bag of oranges, completely dumbfounded.

There was my first effort, and to say the least I had 100% lost all willingness to try. Yet the one thing any college student would tell you, is that it is not about your willingness to do something as much as it is the fact that you simply have to do it. So there it was, I had to do it. I pushed myself about 3 more times that day to make an effort to at least establish a conversation with anyone willing to talk to me in English. Of course there is a few times when I would ask, "where are you from?" and they would respond with "I'm doing great!" or "I've been here 5 years..." and it was obvious that they had fooled me and weren't as capable in English as I had assumed.

The reason I wrote about this one lady, Sofia, is because she was my greatest success out of my five attempts. She spoke to me, she cared about my life and what I was doing and why I was doing it. But I could tell that the question almost wounded her. Maybe it was because she was from the South, and it was her people that were hurting others. It was near her home that issues were rising against immigrants and being discussed around the globe. I can understand her resentment, or maybe her saddness.

I also was able to listen in when Suija and the rest of class questioned Fede. Her answers seemed to be more of what expected to hear. She was cautious with her word choice, slow to speak, as if she knew in her mind that we were Americans and we have a very specific view about racism. Therefore I don't actually know if she feels that the way Italians treat immigrants is wrong, for all I know she could hate immigrants. Being an American makes it hard to get real answers because people don't want to offend you and they know how you feel about the issue without you saying a word. I love Fede, I think she's a fantasic teacher and I hope that the views she shared with us are honest but who really knows.

Overall this was hard. I felt like I tried, I pushed myself out of my comfort zone completely, only to find myself reestablished with insecurity. People are brutal or maybe they aren't at all, I wasn't able to really find out. I wish I had though, because the unfortunate things that occured in southern Italy matter, they matter a lot. Coming from a country that chooses to fight against racism not for it, makes me more opinionated about the situation. I feel so badly for the immigrants attacked. My mother was a immgrant (although she considers herself a refugee). I can't imagine what it would have felt like for her if she had seen her friends a family attacked for the sake of their origins. It breaks me.

Reading Analysis

“Many towns and cities, which are perceived as constituting single functional entities, are divided along the national and state borders, the degree of transboundary coordination and integration contingent upon the nature of political and power relations between the two sides.”

I found this interesting for a number of reasons. When I first read this it made me stop for a moment and think about all of the unnecessary boundaries, we as people create. And of course all of the boundaries that we need and ignore. For instance we can look at the European Union and see all of these diverse countries that are extremely distinct from one another and yet are lumped together within one name for the sake of their economies and money value. I don’t know if I think they join out of fear or for a genuine desire of community/safety. I have nothing against the EU but I find it an interesting concept, many unique places (with unique languages, cultures and education and completely capable alone) come together as one union.

And of course we can also always sit back and look at the borders that we don’t create for fear of being politically incorrect or creating new enemies…maybe that’s not clear. I think that we should stand by what we believe and never choose to go soft based of fear. I look at our recent relations with Cuba. Granted I have a special spot in my heart for Cuba but I still am 100% against their government. We choose to create a border between them and us in order to not associate with a country that doesn’t give freedom as a right to its people. And yet here in 2010 we find ourselves at a crossroad, we have more international enemies then friends and want to at least be friendly with our neighboring island, but what about all of our values of freedom and justice? That is a border that should remain not be taken down for reasons of PC.

Assignment #1: Border across the city

When I look at the last few days here in Rome I can say that one of the more obvious borders is the one that has impacted me the most. Language defines so much of who we are. If defines the way we treat people, how polite we are or aren’t and the way other perceive us. While we all like to think that we are oblivious to the opinions of others and are immune to the impact they have on us, I think that in a new country its important to not ignore the perception that people have of you, based solely on language.

If you think about even the most minuscule impact that language has on our everyday life, I think that you would be shocked. As a waitress back home I think about the small ‘thanks you’ and ‘pleases,’ and how much I appreciate the words, and even how with those small things I imagine that the person must be a good person or better then maybe originally assumed.

As foreigners here I wish so badly that I could be kind and sound genuinely sorry when I bump someone, touch something that I shouldn’t or even make painful attempts at Italian words that I butcher so badly I think it makes them, ACTUALLY, physically sick. The way language is used in Italy is similar to the way I think Americans fight. They use each word with such a severe passion and with a defined meaning that everything else in comparison seems so lacking.

The border that language creates between me and the other Italians here breaks my heart. I have no way of communicating to most of the people here. Those who can communicate with me do so in English and not in an appreciative way. It seems to be in a merely necessary way rather then in a communicative way. They speak English to sell me something, or answer a question. Never to talk, explain or make any connection with me. But do I really blame them?

When I am home my reaction to foreigners is one that usual ends in frustration for an inability to communicate, and this is when I don’t even make the effort to try to speak to them in their native language, at least they can say they tried. What’s my excuse?

I guess overall being the outsider is different then I remembered. Being the person who isn’t in the know is something that I’m not quite use to and here I don’t have another option but to try and probably fail for a little while. I do want to learn, I want to speak to Italians in their language and make them proud of my effort or at least appreciative. I don’t want to disrespect them or appear to be ignorant to the beauty of their speech and culture. So while this may be a border for me now I hope this border changes, and I believe that it can. So for now…Ciao!

Just the Beginning

I'm still here in raining Seattle, waiting until that moment on January 4th when my plane lands and I can ride along in a taxi staring at a world I've only seen in movies...I'm on my way.